The Evolution of Total Quality Management: From Manufacturing to Knowledge-Based Industries

Abstract

Total Quality Management (TQM) began as a methodology focused on improving efficiency and reducing defects in manufacturing. Over time, it has evolved to address quality challenges across a wide range of industries, including knowledge-based sectors such as information technology, education, and healthcare. This paper explores the journey of TQM from its manufacturing origins to its current role in environments where knowledge, innovation, and service are the primary drivers of value. While traditional TQM centered on measurable production outcomes, modern applications often focus on customer satisfaction, employee engagement, and process improvement within intangible services. By adapting core principles like continuous improvement and customer-centric strategies, TQM has demonstrated versatility and relevance in industries that rely on intellectual output. This paper also highlights the challenges and complexities of implementing TQM in these sectors, where standardization is difficult and quality is more subjective. Through case studies and analysis, the paper provides insights into how organizations can apply TQM to maintain excellence in rapidly changing environments.